On 6 December 2016 the German Constitutional Court (GCC) delivered its judgment in the case of Vattenfall and other nuclear power energy companies against Germany.
This dispute and final judgment – which have attracted far less attention and criticism from anti-ISDS groups than the Vattenfall dispute currently under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) – provide some valuable lessons for the arbitral tribunal in the ECT Vattenfall dispute.
As is well known, the ECT Vattenfall dispute (as well as the dispute before the GCC) relate to the rather sudden decision of the German Government following the Fukushima disaster to close down all nuclear power stations without any compensation. This decision was taken only months after the same Government had decided to significantly extend the periods of the existing permits for the nuclear power plants.
The main issue of the dispute before the GCC concerns the question whether or not Vattenfall and the other energy companies must be compensated. This in turn requires that the property of the companies has been expropriated in a manner that must be compensated according to German constitutional law by the German State.
Interestingly, the main question at issue in the ECT proceedings is very similar: must Germany compensate Vattenfall according to the ECT because the investments (property) of Vattenfall were unjustifiably expropriated?
It therefore does not come as a surprise that the main elements of the legal analysis and conclusions of the GCC can to a large extent be applied in analogy to the ECT proceedings. In other words, the Vattenfall judgment of the GCC offers useful lessons for the ECT arbitral tribunal – in fact, for any arbitral tribunal that has to balance the protection of investments against the protection of public goods and regulatory policy space.
1st lesson: States enjoy broad regulatory powers
The GCC was very clear that the State enjoys broad regulatory powers when it comes to the protection of public goods such as health and environment. Although the events in Fukushima did not alter the security of the nuclear power stations in Germany and despite the fact that such an earthquake followed by a tsunami can be practically excluded for Germany, the German State is free to decide to shut the nuclear power stations down. In other words, the German Government and ultimately the German Parliament are free to make the ultimate determination as to whether or not the remaining risks of nuclear power stations are still acceptable or not. Thus, the GCC unambiguously confirmed the broad regulatory powers of the State. Indeed, it did so in a very similar manner as the arbitral tribunal in the Philip Morris v. Uruguay tobacco plain packaging case.
Accordingly, the GCC Vattenfall judgment defies yet again the unfounded critique of anti-ISDS groups that judicial proceedings – be they national or international – would somehow limit the regulatory powers of the State
2nd lesson: legitimate expectations must be protected
Despite the broad regulatory freedom of the State, the State must act within certain boundaries. One important element in this regard is the protection of legitimate expectations.
More specifically, after the German State had extended the permissions for the nuclear power plants, Vattenfall and the other power plant operators were entitled to feel encouraged to undertake investments in their plants and did not have to expect that within the same legislative period, the German legislature would again distance itself from its fundamental decision in energy policy matters. The GCC stated in this context that:
“even the paramount public interest grounds for an accelerated nuclear phase-out cannot absolve the legislature of the consequences of those investments undertaken in the short period of validity of the 11th AtG Amendment [which extended the permissions] and in the legitimate expectation that the legislature itself had brought about with view of the prolongation of the operational lifetimes”.
Again, the similarities with the legitimate expectation principle in investment arbitration law is striking. Many arbitral tribunals have essentially approached this matter in the same way: when States create legitimate expectations, which in turn have resulted into investments, the investor can expect that the State acts in a reasonable and foreseeable manner. Conversely, if the State suddenly and unexpectedly completely reverses in a very short time frame its policy, the legitimate expectations of the investors must be protected.
3rd lesson: unjustifiable expropriation of property must be compensated
Finally, the GCC turned to the issue of the protection of property, expropriation and compensation. Based on its extensive jurisprudence, the GCC first of all made it clear that the protection of property can be limited for public purposes. Accordingly, the power plant owners had to accept a certain level of interferences with their property rights.
However, based on the principle of proportionality the GCC found that the lack of any compensation for the complete reversal of its policy on nuclear power constitutes violation of the property rights of Vattenfall et al.
Accordingly, the main take away from this judgment is that while the State retains broad regulatory powers to protect public goods, which may even lead to the expropriation of the property, disproportionate expropriation must be compensated.
In other words, expropriation for public purposes is acceptable as long as it is accompanied by adequate compensation. Again, this is strikingly similar to the system provided for in practically all bilateral investment treaties (BITs). This shows that the provisions contained in BITs and the jurisprudence developed by arbitral tribunals is very much in tune with generally accepted constitutional law principles. Hence, BITs are nothing extraordinary or give investors special rights, but rather fit nicely into the Rule of Law system of the most advance democratic legal systems.
Foreshadowing the outcome in the Vattenfall ECT dispute
While it is obviously impossible to try to forecast the outcome of the Vattenfall ECT dispute, the similarities described above would seem to indicate that the arbitral tribunal would come to comparable conclusions as the GCC.
More specifically, it seems rather undisputed that the arbitral tribunal would also conclude that Germany has broad regulatory powers to determine whether or not, and if so, to what extent it considers the use of nuclear power as acceptable.
Moreover, following the general approach of other arbitral tribunals concerning the protection of legitimate expectations, it would seem likely that the Vattenfall arbitral tribunal would also conclude that Germany created legitimate expectations vis-à-vis Vattenfall that deserve to be protected.
As a consequence thereof, it would not be surprising if the Vattenfall arbitral tribunal would come to the same conclusion as to the GCC, namely, that the absence of any compensatory measures is a disproportionate interference with the property of Vattenfall, which has led to the destruction of investments made by Vattenfall, that must be compensated.
Whether or not the Vattenfall arbitral tribunal will decide as predicted remains to be seen.
However, at the very least it can be expected that the arbitral tribunal will perform a very comprehensive balancing between the regulatory powers of the State and the protection of the legitimate expectations and property rights of the investor. Just like the GCC, the arbitral tribunal will most likely analyse all arguments in-depth and come to a well-reasoned decision. In other words, we can expect to see a detailed award, which meets the highest legal standards – very much comparable to the GCC or any other international court or tribunal.
Accordingly, the Vattenfall arbitral tribunal will – hopefully – defy the anti-ISDS groups who have created such an unfounded hysteria against ISDS in the public debate by claiming that the Vattenfall case is an example of so-called “regulatory chill” or even worse undermining democracy.
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Why would anti-ISDS groups give any attention and criticism to a decision of the German Constitutional Court?
Dear Simon,
good question! Sometimes it is worth looking at what national courts decide and as I explain this case seems to be a very reasonable, balanced and likely route which the arbitral tribunal may follow. If that is the case, the arbitral tribunal is no less good than the GCC, which is a compliment that should be acknowledged by the anti-ISDS groups, but alas will be unlikely to do so.
greetings
Nikos
Thank you for this insightful blog post. While I agree with your ananlysis that the German Federal Constitutional Court and the ECT arbitral tribunal will largely examine the same issues on the merits, I beg to differ with your account that the Constitutional judgment serves to silence anti-ISDS sentiments.
After all, the German judgment was a favorable one for Vattenfall (and the other suing energy providers). It proves that foreign investors are sufficiently protected under German Law, so why should additional protection be needed under the ECT? Furthermore, the argument of undue privilege of foreign vis-à-vis domestic investors really plays out in this case: While Vattenfall as a foreign investor has the additional alley of suing the German state before an arbitral tribunal, German companies like EON or RWE don’t, although they have suffered the same damage. These aspects make this case actually a prototype case for anti-ISDS arguments.
Dear Maria,
thank you for your comment. Your argument is often stated by anti-ISDS groups as well.
The answer is clear: there are only a handful of countries which have a comparable independent and impartial judiciary as Germany has. Even within the EU, the majority of the Member States have – unfortunately – huge deficits in this regard. From Italy to practically all Eastern and Central Eastern European countries. In other words, we need ISDS in most countries around the world in order to sustain a minimum level of Rule of Law and protection of property.
The comparison with domestic investors is of course misleading, since you have to compare foreign investors with foreign investors and domestic investors with domestic investors, and not foreign investors with domestic ones.
Again this is often misleadingly done by anti-ISDS critics.
So, I do not agree that this is a prototype case for anti-ISDS arguments, on the contrary! as I explained in my post.
greetings
Nikos
Dear Nikos,
thank you very much for your reply. I have to admit that I do not agree with you regarding your point about comparing foreign investors with foreign investors and not with domestic ones. As chance would have it, I just stumbled upon this entry on the International Economic Law & Policiy blog informing us about a paper by Aisbett and Poulsen on the issue: http://worldtradelaw.typepad.com/ielpblog/2017/01/how-are-foreign-firms-treated-by-host-governments.html
Best, Maria
The anti-ISDS claim groups two things: 1. ISDS does NOT automatically hamper the state’s right to regulate but this right comes at a price i.e. huge compensation (in this Vattenfall case, the company is asking €4.7 billion) 2. In some cases, ISDS can lead to regulatory chill but NOT every single time and the Vattenfall case is not an example of regulatory chill (e.g. the New Zealand government doesn’t enact plain packaging measures due to ISDS threat and waits for the outcome of the Australia v. Philip Morris case: https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-moves-forward-plain-packaging-tobacco-products).
But the author is missing the point. The issue does not concern this or that particular ISDS case but a system designed to grant transnational corporations privileges no others can have, including domestic investors that have to use domestic courts if they feel they were mistreated by the state or citizens that have been harmed by the acts of some companies and/or states. If foreign investors feel they were not treated fairly by the state, there are public courts that can deal with the issue.
Cherry picking the Vattenfall case and applying “any other international court or tribunal” is not only misleading but lacks rigor as far as research is concerned. But if the Vattenfall case proves one thing so far, it’s that ad-hoc arbitral tribunal are not needed since, as the author notes, the ECT arbitral tribunal is likely to follow the same decision as the German Constitutional Court. Therefore public courts are not necessarily biased in favor of the state, as the pro-ISDS claim.
Dear Nicolas, I refer to my reply to Maria above. greetings NIkos
Dear Nicolas,
The cherry picking is made by you in inferring the conclusion that domestic courts are non-biased from the German Constitutional Court example.
Try to go go Tanzanian court for instance as a foreign investor and seek for compensation. There is a recent case which can serve as a good standpoint for this analysis of yours – Standard Chartered Bank. I think there is a post about it on the blog.
Greetings,