Introduction
The Dubai International Arbitration Centre (“DIAC”) is a regional arbitration centre created by statue in 1994 as part of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry (the “Chamber”).
On 23 April 2019, the Ruler of Dubai issued Decree No. 17 of 2019 approving a new statute for DIAC (the “New DIAC Statute”). The New DIAC Statute replaced the previous DIAC statute on 2 May 2019, the day of publishing the decree in the Official Gazette.
Unlike the proposed changes to the DIAC Rules, which have been widely circulated in draft form, no proposed changes to the previous DIAC statute were circulated prior to its enactment as far as the authors of this blog post are aware. However, there are important changes recorded in the New DIAC Statute and this brief blog post highlights some of these provisions, specifically with regard to DIAC’s structure, the functions and authority of the relevant bodies, and the recorded process for implementing the long-awaited new DIAC arbitration rules.
1. DIAC’s Structure
According to Article 6 of the New DIAC Statute, DIAC consists of a Board of Trustees (the “BoT”), an Executive Committee (the “EC”), and an Administrative Body. Article 2(B) of the New DIAC Statute states that DIAC “shall enjoy full independence in the provisions of its services for settling disputes through arbitration or conciliation”. However, upon perusing the New DIAC Statute and for the reasons set out below, it is apparent that the Chamber’s Board of Directors appoints the BoT, and that the structure of DIAC is as follows:
Accordingly, based on the contents of the New DIAC Statute, the level of actual independence of DIAC vis-à-vis the Chamber is, arguably, not as apparent as it was under the previous DIAC statute, and DIAC will need to take care to ensure its independence is maintained and seen to be maintained.
A. Board of Directors of the Chamber
The only noteworthy reference to the Chamber in the previous DIAC statute simply recorded the fact that DIAC forms part of the Chamber. According to the New DIAC Statute, however, the role of the Chamber’s Board of Directors (the “BoD”) at DIAC is presently indispensable, for example:
● all members of the BoT are to be appointed by the Ruler upon proposal of the BoD;
● the DIAC Manager (the “Manager”) is to be appointed by a BoD resolution; and
● any amendments to the New DIAC Statute or DIAC Arbitration Rules 2007 (the “DIAC Rules”) are to be prepared in consultation with the BoD, which has the authority to submit said amendments for approval by the competent authorities of the Emirate of Dubai.
The examples above make evident the BoD’s fundamental role, pursuant to the New DIAC Statute, in appointing DIAC’s senior management, overseeing DIAC’s structure and operations, and implementing any important changes. However, we understand the BoD does not have any involvement in the handling of cases which remains with DIAC.
B. Board of Trustees
The BoT is the governing body carrying out the overall responsibility for the management of DIAC.
Similar to the previous DIAC statute, the New DIAC Statute prescribes that the BoT will comprise a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, and a number of members with arbitration experience. The number of BoT members, however, was cut from 20 in the previous DIAC statute to 15 members in the New DIAC Statute. As mentioned in the previous section, the New DIAC Statute now specifically prescribes that the BoT members will be proposed by the BoD to the Ruler for appointment by decree for three years, the same term as in the previous DIAC Statute.
Furthermore, the New DIAC Statute contains a particularised list of the BoT’s functions, for example:
● to adopt DIAC’s general policies;
● to propose amendments to the New DIAC Statute and the DIAC Rules and procedures; and
● to approve DIAC’s organisational structure, regulations and by-laws.
However, as mentioned in the previous section, the BoT’s functions set out in the New DIAC Statute are generally subject to approval of the BoD.
C. Executive Committee
The EC assists with implementing the BoT’s decisions and carries out various functions assigned to it in the DIAC Rules. The EC consists of at least five members, including the EC’s chairperson and vice-chairperson, who are appointed by the BoT chairperson after consulting the members of the BoT.
The BoT also has authority to form and delegate certain EC’s duties and powers to EC’s sub-committees.
D. Manager
The Manager, as the job title suggests, is responsible for controlling and administering DIAC and its Administrative Body. In the previous DIAC statute, the Manager was called a Director. To the authors’ best knowledge, since the departure of the former Director in August 2013, the position of Director (and now Manager) has been vacant.
Under the previous DIAC statute, the Director could be appointed by the BoT. However, the New DIAC Statute prescribes that the Manager may be nominated by the BoT and then ultimately appointed by a BoD resolution.
E. Administrative Body
The Administrative Body is the body responsible for ensuring that the services provided by DIAC and the arbitration proceedings between parties are running in a smooth and effective manner and, importantly, in accordance with the DIAC Rules. The Administrative Body comprising case management and other administrative staff is supervised by the Manager.
2. Implementation of the New DIAC Arbitration Rules
One peculiar feature to note about the DIAC Rules is that they were issued by Decree No. 11 of 2007. Thus, in order to introduce a new set of DIAC arbitration rules, it is necessary for the Ruler to issue a new Decree.
The current DIAC Rules have been in force for more than 12 years. Despite the “Launch and Discussion of the New 2018 Arbitration Rules” during the Dubai Arbitration Week in November 2017 (approximately 18 months ago) and the subsequent flurry of articles and analysis based on various drafts of the new DIAC arbitration rules, the new rules are yet to see the light of day.
It is possible that the New DIAC Statute is another step in this direction as it sets out a process for updating the DIAC Rules, i.e., issuing new DIAC arbitration rules. The process now involves the EC making the relevant proposal to the BoT, which has to be approved by the BoT in consultation with the BoD. Subsequently, the BoD has the authority to submit the new DIAC arbitration rules for consideration by the Dubai government authorities, which may forward the new DIAC arbitration rules to be issued under a decree passed by the Ruler. The process may be visualised as follows:
3. Independence and Autonomy
The UAE Federal Law No. 6 of 2018 on Arbitration brought in significant changes in the UAE arbitration law. More specifically, under Article 10(2), the previously mentioned law provides qualifications required for arbitrators, which provides the following:
“The arbitrator cannot be on the board of trustees or the administrative body of the Arbitration Institution responsible for administering the Arbitration in the State.”
Accordingly, the DIAC Statute seconds the above-mentioned provision in Article 23 dealing with the ‘Appointment in Arbitral Tribunal’, which states the following:
“A member of the [BoT], a member of the Centre’s committees, the Manager or any of the Centre’s staff shall not be the arbitrator who will consider any dispute submitted before the Centre, whether he is an individual arbitrator or a president or a member of the arbitral tribunal”.
Conclusion
Overall, the New DIAC Statute is a more comprehensive document than the previous DIAC statute, which may suggest it is a preparative step to the issuance of the long-awaited new DIAC arbitration rules by Decree of the Ruler. It is difficult to say how important the involvement of the BoD will be on the functioning of DIAC – it may be a tectonic shift in the oversight and control of DIAC in favour of the Chamber; or a simple reflection of the changes at DIAC over the last decade such that no change in DIAC’s functioning will be noticed. In any event, DIAC will need to ensure that it maintains its independence if it is going to keep its position as the most used arbitral institution in the region.
* The authors would like to express their gratitude to Aditya Chauhan and Jana Al Mulla for assistance in preparation of this blog post.
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