…the withdrawal of the EU and many EU member states from the Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”) as well as the ongoing discussions of reforming the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (“ISDS”) mechanism,…

…(“ECT”) are enforceable in U.S. federal courts. With Spain facing over $390 million in awards, the Appellate Court confirmed that U.S. courts have jurisdiction to enforce such awards but left…

…the EU of the ECT Modernization Process: Is the Fossil Fuel Carve-out Responsible? The EU’s proposal in 2021 to carve out fossil fuel investments from ECT post-establishment international protection, when…