Intra-EU BITs

Achmea, EU Law, German Federal Constitutional Court, International Investment Arbitration, International Investment Law, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, ISDS

(Schellenberg Wittmer)/ /Leave a comment

On March 6, 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) delivered its (in)famous Achmea judgment (Case C-284/16), which subsequently became synonymous with the demise of investor-state arbitration in bilateral investment treaties between Member States of the European Union (“intra-EU BITs”). In this decision, the CJEU concluded that investor-state arbitration clauses in intra-EU…

Achmea, Energy Charter Treaty, Enforcement, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS, UK

(Fietta LLP)/ /Leave a comment

The English High Court’s judgment in Infrastructure Services v Spain is one of the most important developments of the past year in relation to the enforcement of intra-EU investment awards. It arises out of the Luxembourgish and Dutch claimants’ successful ICSID arbitration against Spain under the Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”), in which the tribunal held…

Achmea, CJEU, Energy Charter Treaty, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Sweden

(Roschier Attorneys, Ltd.)/ /Leave a comment

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled in Komstroy (C-741/19, Sept, 2021) that the dispute resolution mechanism of the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) does not apply in intra-EU investment disputes. The ruling was interpreted by some as the beginning of the end of intra-EU investment arbitration. A recent decision by the…

Achmea, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS

(Lévy Kaufmann-Kohler)/ /Leave a comment

The Amsterdam district court has recently refused to order the termination of a London-seated intra-EU investment arbitration against Poland. Whilst the outcome of the judgment is hardly surprising, the decision contains some interesting thoughts on the ‘desirability’ of the Achmea decision. This blog will discuss the current status of Achmea in the case law of…

Achmea, CJEU, Germany, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS

, (Nishimura & Asahi)/ /Leave a comment

On 1 September 2022, the Higher Regional Court of Cologne (“HRC Cologne”) issued two much-awaited decisions granting the Netherlands’ requests (see our report here) to have the German claimants’, RWE and Uniper, ECT-based ICSID arbitrations declared inadmissible pursuant to section 1032(2) of the German Code of Civil Procedure (“ZPO”) due to their intra-EU nature. As we reported,…

Achmea, Energy Charter Treaty, Enforcement, EU Law, Germany, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS

, (WAGNER Arbitration)/ /1 Comment

Germany found itself as the hotseat of the “battle” between EU law and investment arbitration in May 2016 when the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) referred questions relating to the compatibility of EU law with the arbitration clause in the Slovakia-Netherlands BIT to the Court of Justice of the European Union (“ECJ”) in Slovakia v….

Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Sunset clauses

(Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)/ /Leave a comment

‘Sunset’ (or ‘survival’) clauses extend the effects of the relevant investment treaty after its termination. They provide that the protection afforded by the treaty is maintained for a further period of time after termination to investments made during the lifetime of the treaty. As such, sunset clauses have an ‘entrenchment effect’ limiting the ability of…

Arbitration, Arbitration Proceedings, BIT, International arbitration, Intra-EU BITs, Investment Arbitration, Joint Interpretation Clauses, NAFTA, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

(University of Naples Federico II)/ /Leave a comment

State parties’ “mutual actions” over a treaty – including interventions such as interpretation, modification and termination – have flourished in recent investment treaty practice. This trend brings to the fore the question of whether there are any limits to such actions, particularly due to the involvement of non-State entities, such as investors and arbitral tribunals….

Achmea, Enforcement, EU Law, Europe, European Law, European Union, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS

(Lenz & Staehelin)/ /Leave a comment

The extent to which different dispute resolution fora are willing to pay deference to the Court of Justice of the EU’s (“CJEU”) seminal (and controversial) Achmea decision is being closely observed by investors and States alike. 1) Not to mention the European Commission, which has sought to make itself heard in numerous proceedings relating to intra-EU…

Achmea, CJEU, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, Micula

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In its judgment rendered today, the Court of Justice has quashed the General Court’s decision having ruled that the European Commission was not competent ratione temporis to assess whether the compensation paid by Romania to the Micula brothers, in implementation of a 2013 ICSID award rendered under the 2002 Sweden-Romania BIT, was constitutive of state…

Achmea, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, PL Holdings

(Linklaters)/ /Leave a comment

In the latest episode of the intra-EU investment arbitration saga, the CJEU ruled on 26 October 2021, in Poland v. PL Holdings (Case C-109/20), that EU Member States are precluded from concluding with investors from another EU Member State an ad hoc arbitration agreement identical to an arbitration clause of an international treaty deemed invalid…

CJEU, Energy Charter Treaty, International arbitration, International Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Investment Arbitration

(European Institute, London School of Economics)/ /Leave a comment

Intra-EU investment agreements and arbitration have been a highly divisive issue in European policy circles for decades. The European Commission has been forcefully pushing for the termination of these agreements since the early 2000s. It criticised inter alia that intra-EU investment agreements and arbitration undermine the European legal order and create inequality among European investors…

Achmea, EU Law, Intra-EU BITs, Med-Arb, New York Arbitration Week, Section 1782 Discovery

(Chaffetz Lindsey LLP) and , (Chaffetz Lindsey)/ /Leave a comment

The annual Fordham Conference on International Arbitration and Mediation took place virtually on 20 November 2020, the final day of the second annual New York Arbitration Week. Under the guidance of co-chairs Louis B. Kimmelman (Sidley Austin, New York) and Edna Sussman (Independent Arbitrator and Mediator and Distinguished Practitioner in Residence Fordham Law School), the…

European Union, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment, Investment Arbitration, Investment protection, ISDS, ISDS Reform, Multilateral Investment Court

(Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP) and , (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)/ /Leave a comment

Much has been written – on this page and elsewhere – about the future viability of investor-state arbitration based on intra-EU BITs in the aftermath of the CJEU’s Achmea decision. In the authors’ view, the May 2020 Termination Agreement concluded between 23 of the 27 EU Member States with the intention to terminate existing intra-EU…

Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration

(Konrad Partners)/ /Leave a comment

After more than two years of an ever-evolving Achmea-saga, we shall now reap the fruits. Many arbitral tribunals have rejected the application of the CJEU’s findings, such as in the ICSID arbitration UP and C.D. Holding Internationale v Hungary or the ECT arbitration in Vattenfall v Germany (see e.g. here). More recently in June 2020,…

Achmea, Energy Charter Treaty, Enforceability, Enforcement, ICSID, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, USA

(WilmerHale)/ /Leave a comment

After the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) rendered the Achmea decision, heated discussions on its impact ensued. Particularly, the concern raised on whether the ICSID proceeding provided for in intra-EU BITs and intra-EU disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”) would be valid. Several arbitral tribunals and national courts have dealt with…

Arbitration, Arbitration Agreement, EU Law, Europe, Immunity, Intra-EU BIT's, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS, Reform

(University of Passau) and (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP)/ /Leave a comment

Whenever litigating against states or sovereign entities – or international organisations for that matter – outside of their home jurisdiction there is a roadblock to consider: immunities. On closer inspection, immunities turn out as two roadblocks: immunity from jurisdiction and immunity from enforcement. Whereas the general assumption is that an agreement to arbitrate waives immunity…

International Law, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, Sunset clauses

(WAGNER Arbitration)/ /Leave a comment

The long-awaited Agreement to terminate intra-EU BITs (bilateral investment treaties) was signed on 5 May 2020 (the “Termination Agreement”). According to the European Commission, the Termination Agreement “implements the March 2018 European Court of Justice judgment (Achmea case), where the Court found that investor-State arbitration clauses in [intra-EU BITs] are incompatible with EU Treaties.” The…

Achmea, Enforcement, English courts, EU Withdrawal Act, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, UK, UK Supreme Court

(E&A Law Limited)/ /1 Comment

In its unanimous decision in the Micula case the UK Supreme Court on 19 February 2020 made clear that ICSID arbitral awards rendered by tribunals established pursuant to intra-EU BITs could be enforced in the UK. As explained by Guillaume Croisant in his blog post on 20 February, the UK Supreme Court overruled the Court…

Achmea, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, ICSID, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Investment Arbitration

(delegaltessen) and (Stampa Abogados)/ /Leave a comment

The aftermath of Achmea Since the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Achmea, defending EU Member States and the European Commission have questioned the validity of the application of the investment arbitration clause in the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) to intra-EU disputes. Although the motions to challenge jurisdiction on…

Achmea, CJEU, International arbitration, Intra-EU BITs, ISDS, Supreme Court of Sweden

(SCC Arbitration Institute)/ /1 Comment

Readers of the Kluwer Arbitration Blog will be very familiar with the drama surrounding the European Union’s (EU) pushback against intra-EU investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) as contained in intra-EU bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and in particular the “clap of thunder” Achmea (C-284/16) judgment (on this blog see, e.g. here). According to the Court of Justice…

Achmea, Energy Charter Treaty, European Law, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, VCLT, VCLT Jubilee, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

(Colibra Insurance)/ /Leave a comment

The Cold War era brought to life, in a strange way, a number of all-encompassing treaties dealing with major subjects such as international treaty-making, diplomatic relations, law of seas, etc. Even among the topics covered by these treaties were enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and investment disputes. However, it seems like the world has already…

Achmea, Arbitration, BIT, European Law, International arbitration, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment agreements, Investment Arbitration, Investor-State arbitration, Sunset clauses

(NL-Investmentconsulting)/ /Leave a comment

On 24 October 2019, the European Commission announced that the EU Member States have reached agreement on a plurilateral treaty for the termination of all ca. 190 intra-EU bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The agreement follows the political Declarations of the Member States issued in January this year in which they explained the consequences they are…

Arbitration, BIT, Energy Charter Treaty, EU Law, International arbitration, Intra-EU BITs, Intra-EU Investment Arbitration, Intra-EU ISDS, Investment Arbitration, Multilateral Investment Court

(NL-Investmentconsulting)/ /Leave a comment

The regular readers of the Kluwer Arbitration Blog will recall my blog at the beginning of this year in which I predicted that 2019 would be the ‘Year of the big Harvest’ for the European Commission regarding its efforts to permanently change the landscape of international investment law and arbitration. This posts will review the…