Investment obligations and investor-State arbitration provisions normally have been negotiated under bilateral investment treaties (BITs), or, more recently, in the larger context of free trade agreements (FTAs). For investment provisions,…

…investor is: “a legal entity incorporated, constituted or otherwise duly organized in accordance with the laws and regulations of one Contracting Party, having its seat in the territory of that…

arbitration. Recently, both jurisdictions have made significant steps towards formally permitting the use of third party funding (“TPF”) for international arbitration in their municipal arbitration laws. Rocky road for TPF…