…the CJEU’s Achmea judgment, EU investors cannot invoke the ECT against Member States anymore. Moreover, the Member States proclaimed that arbitral tribunals have lost their jurisdiction to hear intra-EU ECT…

…to mediation—have been recorded by ICSID. Even rarer are instances of tribunals encouraging parties to try mediation (see, e.g., Achmea v. Slovakia). In recent years, there have been extensive discussions…

…such treaties fall within Achmea. It is worth noting that, following Achmea and the declarations of certain EU Member States, a Swedish court in Micula considering enforcement efforts did not…