The Arbitration & Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019 (“the 2019 Amendment”), which amends the Indian Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (“the Act”), came into force with effect from 9 August 2019. The Law Minister of India was recently quoted as saying in one of the press releases (after the Bill in support of the 2019 Amendment was introduced in the lower House of Parliament), that the government intended to make India a hub of domestic and international arbitration by bringing in changes in law for faster resolution of commercial disputes.
Now that the 2019 Amendment is here, this post critically analyzes some of its provisions to understand if it is indeed a step in the right direction for India to become a hub for international arbitration. The analysis and comments in this post are solely and exclusively from the standpoint of international arbitration.
Critical analysis of some key provisions of the 2019 Amendment
- The designation and grading of arbitral institutions
The 2019 Amendment introduces Section 11(3A) to the Act whereby the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts shall have the power to designate arbitral institutions, which have been graded by the Arbitration Council of India (“ACI”) under Section 43-I (also introduced by the 2019 Amendment). The underlying idea is that instead of the court stepping in to appoint arbitrator(s) in cases where parties cannot reach an agreement, the courts will designate graded arbitral institutions to perform that task (per Sections 11(4)–(6) of the Act, as amended by the 2019 Amendment). The designation aspect has already been discussed and criticized on this blog. However, it is the grading aspect which I intend to deal with some detail.
The 2019 Amendment introduces Part 1A to the Act, which is titled as ‘Arbitration Council of India’ (Sections 43A to 43M) and which empowers the Central Government to establish the ACI by an official gazette notification (Section 43B). The ACI shall be composed of (i) a retired Supreme Court or High Court judge, appointed by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, as its Chairperson, (ii) an eminent arbitration practitioner nominated as the Central Government Member, (iii) an eminent academician having research and teaching experience in the field of arbitration, appointed by the Central Government in consultation with the Chairperson, as the Chairperson-Member, (iv) Secretary to the Central Government in the Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law and Justice and (v) Secretary to the Central Government in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance – both as ex officio members, (vi) one representative of a recognised body of commerce and industry, chosen on rotational basis by the Central Government, as a part-time member, and (vii) Chief Executive Officer-Member-Secretary, ex officio (Section 43C(1)(a)–(f)). The ACI is inter alia entrusted with grading of arbitral institutions on the basis of criteria relating to infrastructure, quality and calibre of arbitrators, performance and compliance of time limits for disposal of domestic or international commercial arbitrations (Section 43I).
The main drawback of this scheme is that it limits party autonomy in international arbitration through governmental and court interference. The ACI is a government body which shall regulate the institutionalization of arbitration in India and frame the policy for grading of arbitral institutions. The fact remains that the court’s choice in designating an arbitral institution will be limited by the options presented to it by the ACI. Consequently, the choice of a foreign party appearing before the Supreme Court and seeking appointment of an arbitrator will be limited to institutions which have ACI accreditation and to such arbitrators who may be on the panel of such arbitral institutions. The court will be equally handicapped in designating an ungraded institution – which has a global reputation for its facilities and quality of services and which wants to simply establish its local office in India, without going through the administrative hurdles of being graded by the ACI.
The 2019 Amendment, albeit aimed at institutionalizing the arbitration scene in India, leaves the discretion in the hands of courts and executive to decide who gets to be a part of this reform. Another problem associated with this governmental control over the institutionalization process is the (possible) nepotism, red-tapism, lack of objectivity and lack of transparency in the grading process. In my experience, a foreign party often prefers to stay away from an arbitration regime with significant degree of court or governmental interference. However, it is nonetheless a welcome move by the government to acknowledge that institutional arbitration is the only way ahead to attract foreign parties to include India as the seat in their arbitration agreements.
- Timely conduct of proceedings
As per the newly introduced Section 23(4), the statement of claim and defence shall be completed within a period of six months from the date of appointment of the arbitrator(s) and as per Proviso to the amended Section 29(1), the award in the matter of international commercial arbitration may be made as expeditiously as possible with an endeavour to deliver it within 12 months from the date of completion of pleadings under Section 23(4).
Whilst it is a welcome step – certainly with the right intent – it may lead to conflicts with the rules of an arbitral institution as it overlooks the procedural aspects inherent to a complex international arbitration. In international arbitration, the arbitrators routinely hold a case management hearing, and after consultation with the parties, issue an order on the procedural timetable for completion of pleadings, conduct of hearings etc. (e.g., see Rule 24 of the 2017 ICC Arbitration Rules). However, if Section 23(4) restricts a tribunal from being in control of its proceedings, then it may be impossible to effectively conduct complex multi-party arbitrations involving massive documents, where it may be practically impossible to complete pleadings in six months. Similarly, the autonomy of parties to decide on a more flexible procedural schedule will be severely limited. Most importantly, the parties will always be wary of the fate of an award where the time requirements of Section 23(4) are not strictly abided.
- Confidentiality
As per the newly introduced Section 42A, the arbitrator, the arbitral institution and the parties to the arbitration agreement shall maintain confidentiality of all arbitral proceedings except award, where its disclosure is necessary for implementation and enforcement of award.
The ICC recently released updates to its Note to Parties and Arbitral Tribunals on the Conduct of Arbitration under the ICC Rules of Arbitration, effective 1 January 2019 in which it stated that all awards made as from 1 January 2019 may be published, no less than two years after their notification, based on an opt-out procedure (paras. 40-46). Per the opt-out procedure, any party may at any time object to publication of an award, or request that the award be sanitized or redacted. In such a case, the award will either not be published or be sanitized or redacted in accordance with the parties’ agreement.
This shows at the outset that India’s practice in publishing the award is in line with globally established arbitral institutions. However, by not incorporating an opt-out scheme in Section 42A, the legislature missed the opportunity to bring clarity to the fate of an award in terms of its publication. Who will decide that the disclosure of an award is necessary for its implementation? Will it mean full disclosure or will parties be allowed to agree on a redacted award? These uncertainties, in my view, only add to the suspense.
- Qualification of arbitrators
The ACI is also entrusted with the function of reviewing the grading of arbitrators (Section 43D(2)(c)). The qualifications, experience and norms for accreditation of arbitrators shall be such as specified in the Eighth Schedule, as introduced by the 2019 Amendment (Section 43J). The Eighth Schedule stipulates nine categories of persons (such as an Indian advocate or cost accountant or company secretary with certain level of experience or a government officer in certain cases inter alia) and only those are qualified to be an arbitrator.
Thus, a foreign scholar or foreign-registered lawyer or a retired foreign officer is outrightly disqualified to be an arbitrator under the 2019 Amendment. For obvious reasons, foreign parties will be discouraged to opt for Indian institutional arbitration where the choice of candidates as their potential arbitrators is limited by nationality, likelihood of lack of experience and specialization – both academic and professional – in handling international arbitrations.
Conclusion
In my previous blog post, I mentioned how India is often criticised as a “non-friendly” arbitration jurisdiction by the international community. The 2019 Amendment attempts to take this criticism head-on, however in my view, it makes more misses than hits in the process. Although a step in the right direction yet, India is far away from becoming a global arbitration hub.
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Very observant post, thank you. I agree that this change misses the mark if the goal is to convince foreign parties that India is an arbitration-friendly country.
The best way to address the conncerns of foreign parties would be to first ask us whether and why we view the Indian courts as hostile to arbitration, and what would be effective ways to change this perception. Unless this is done, any change – no matter how well intended – risks adding fuel to the fire of current perceptions that the mindset of the courts is decades if not a century behind modern international practice.
My personal view is that any reform should first tackle the widely-held perception (whether accurate or not) that Indian courts are reluctant to apply the competence-competence doctrine, and just leave disputes alone once there is a prima facie showing of the existence of an arbitration agreement. It is not enough to tell foreign parties that the law already provides for this and that courts should apply this rule when, in practice, there is a perception/fear that they won’t in many cases. Or I f there are idiosyncratic exceptions to the rule that allow courts to keep disputes with them.
Why not convene an international committee of representatives of foreign arbitration institutions, foreign lawyers, and in-house lawyers and tackler the problem head on? I believe it would be exponentially more effective than discussing he merits of any initiative in the comments section of a very good Kluwer blog post!
Mr. Mcilwrath, your suggestion of addressing the concerns of foreign parties and foreign arbitration professionals with regards to the Indian arbitration regime by convening them and working on their perceptions is likely the most effective way of making India an arbitration-friendly country. Hopefully, the Indian government will consider doing this after the international community’s continued avoidance of Indian arbitration regime.
Furthermore, I want to bring to your attention, one more regressive step taken in the Indian arbitration regime. The Supreme Court of India in its recent judgment has held that an arbitration clause in an agreement, which is not stamped as per law, cannot be given effect if and until the agreement is duly stamped, i.e., full stamp duty in respect of such agreement as provided by law has been paid. This holding would lead to a delay in the commencement of arbitral proceedings because the stamping of the agreement and thereafter approaching the courts again for the appointment of arbitrators would consume substantially higher time. You may find detailed information concerning this judgment, its background, and its consequences from here: http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/805998/trials+appeals+compensation/The+Supreme+Court+Decision+Unstamped+Arbitration+Agreement+Cannot+Be+Acted+Upon
Anticipating a liberalized arbitration regime in the future of India!
Aman Mir
International Professional Dispute Academy, 2019 (Vienna) Participant
The easy and effective solution appears to be to authorize Arbitral Institutions under section 31 to nominate an official who can determine and authorize payment of stamp duty on Arbitration Agreement.
Thank you, Michael and Aman, for adding to the discussion. I think what’s inherent in these reforms is the know-it-all mindset whereas the policy makers clearly stand far from the practice and realities of the international market. I’ll be intrigued to know how many arbitration practitioners, having either an LL.M. in International Dispute Settlement and/or subsequent professional work experience in foreign jurisdictions, were even consulted before drafting this amendment. It’s important to identify these stakeholders and seek their inputs rather than to solely rely on the knowledge pool of local practitioners for international perspectives. The Act seems to be a good initiative, no doubt, but it could’ve achieved more than it does at present.
Thank you, Subhiksh for providing great insight into the 2019 Amendment Act. I hope the Indian government takes notice of this kind of critically analysed literature and further takes corrective measures in the near future.
Dear Subhiksh, For your information the Arbitration and Concilistion (Amendment) Act 2019 has not come in to force from 9th August 2019 as you have stated. It has not yet been notified as per the Ministry of Law & Justice.
You’re right, Prabhaharan. It has received the assent of the President on 9 August but yet to come into force as a whole. I stand corrected to that extent. I believe though, that it doesn’t cause much debate given that it is now a law and will come into force as it is in due course.
Dear Mr. Subhiksh, some of the provisions have been notified w.e.f. 30.08.2019. A group of lawyers are of the view that wherever the sections or subsections are omitted in the amendment, then notification is not required as for as such omissions are concerned!!!!!.
What is your view??
I fail to understand how the question of ‘party autonomy’ comes into picture when the parties never actually exercised their right in appointing arbitrators. We take recourse to an appointing authority only when parties have not agreed on a procedure for appointment of arbitrator(s) or when they (or their appointed arbitrators) fail to abide by an already agreed procedure. Both of these circumstances arise in situations where the parties have already failed to make use of the discretion granted to them in appointing their arbitrators.
Exercising party autonomy in choosing the ‘appointing authority’ itself (and not the eventual arbitrators) might be a relevant argument to make but in that situation also, if you are making use of S. 11 of the 1996 Act then that means you failed to exercise even that leg of party autonomy by failing to specify the appointing authority (in case of failure of the parties) in your arbitration clause. Please correct me if I am wrong.
Thanks Kishan. I think the question of party autonomy is paramount because it is limited to certain options now, even if the court is deciding who the appointing authority should be. In my view, party autonomy is not lost when another authority appoints arbitrators since, the parties envisage that scenario in the event they themselves fail to make that decision. It is only that those parties do not envisage the choice of a court in appointing such authority to be confined to a certain group of institutions, which in turn are graded by another governmental body. Parties to an arbitration agreement, in such scenario, expect the court to exercise its discretion amongst a broad range of options, which can offer the most suitable arbitrators for the case, instead of the options which a governmental body deemed best suited. In that sense, I feel that the party autonomy is limited (not extinguished).
Hi Subhiksh, following up on your point on autonomy, to what extent do you see the amendments affecting appointments in practice? Personally, I don’t think the courts will interpret 11(3A) that restrictively so as to end up in a ‘tied hands’ situation where a wider choice among institutions/arbitrators truly matters for a given dispute. I believe that will fall back to their inherent powers in such a case, and 11(3A) in its language doesn’t seem to be restrictive in this regard. The largely unfettered authority given to the ACI seems to be a bigger problem to me, and could possibly discourage young institutions if the grading system gets bureaucratized. .
Hi Aveek, I hope they don’t interpret it restrictively but then the concept of inherent powers does not override the strict and clear language of the statute.. It’s like saying that if a statute does not empower the court with a power to review its orders, then the court may still do so in exercise of its inherent powers (which does not happen in India). Only time will tell if the court’s hands are tied or not, but in my view, the amendment seems to suggest otherwise. As you rightly mentioned, the grading power given to the ACI is an area of concern.
An award cannot be challenged u/s.34 unless a signed copy furnished to the parties by the Arbitrators directly as a statutory obligation. Enforcement of awards have time limit of 12 years. When citizens are subjected to rigors of legal provisions how one can suggest that with the mere knowledge of an award as pronounced or xerox copy of the award, to file an arbitration suit?Silence of statutes only give rise to more litigation which are unwanted.
Amendment should have been made such that the strict onus of proof is put on the arbitrator or the appointing party in case of a sole arbitrator.
Clarifications if any on this point are much welcome.
The purpose of Arbitration or any other ADR mechanism is to reduce the burden on courts and to minimise judicial interventions in Arbitration proceedings. But Section 27 defeats the purpose of avoiding delays. This section advises applying to courts again to obtain evidence. Amika Arbitration and Mediation Council (AAMC) Hyderabad suggests an amendment to this provision. Amika Arbitration and Mediation Council (AAMC) in Hyderabad is one of the well-established Arbitration Institutions in Hyderabad. AAMC is established under the aegis of AMIKA a Society for Alternative Dispute Resolution is one of the best places for commercial and domestic Arbitration in Hyderabad. It has a panel of well-trained and experienced Arbitrators and has excellent facilities for the speedy disposal of cases. For family dispute resolution, AAMC’s mediation team is the household name in Hyderabad. Anyone interested in obtaining Arbitration and Mediation services from AAMC may approach the Registrar, Amika Arbitration and Mediation Council at Ganesh Nagar, Vanasthalipuram Road, Hyderabad. AAMC strictly follows the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.