When States participate in investor-State arbitration and lose, they become award debtors like any other losing party in for instance international commercial arbitration. When it comes to execution against States, however, the plea of sovereign immunity presents a serious obstacle to award-creditors. Assets available for execution (i.e., such used for non-governmental commercial purposes) are not…

With the unfolding global pandemic, Brexit has largely taken a back seat. Yet, with the transition period due to end (at the time of writing) in just a few months, it is more important than ever to consider the implications for public international law (PIL) of the UK’s departure from the European Union. Exactly four…