…in older generation bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Even where those have provided in advance for the option of ICSID (Convention or Additional Facility) Conciliation Rules, investors have rarely invoked them….

…technology; and (ii) enforcement of procedural rules and ethical conduct in cross-examination. On (i), Mr Bang argued that adequate high-speed internet connectivity is not always available and virtual hearing hubs…

…European Union have moved towards stricter FDI rules. In all of these cases, security concerns and, in particular, the need to protect cutting-edge technologies against theft and prevent foreign control…

…facilities, recording equipment, clear rules, language diversity, case management, and neutrality. Respondents further reiterated on a list of facilities that an African centre should provide as an international arbitration centre….