security for costs, and third-party funding) merely reflect some of the recent trends in investment treaty-making, which have limited and dubious effectiveness. The renegotiated ECT would still give investment tribunals…

Security Companies and the advancement of new weapons technology, as well as sanctions and restrictive counter-terrorism measures.   Investment Treaty Tan Sri Abraham focused on the various protections and remedies…

…are too expensive, but that these costs are difficult for users to control. Rather, they think that counsel must commit to affordable and efficient arbitrations. The overarching theme of Mr…

…disputes, is how arbitration practitioners stay relevant and desired by clients, according to Diamana Diawara. Some suggested methods to temper costs were to have junior-led teams for price-sensitive parties, keep…

…to effective offers of compromise on questions of costs. Beyond that, greater enforcement by the Courts of arbitration agreements, where they exist (compare Vunipola v Tonga Rugby Union Incorporated [2021]…

…Answer: C, Article 24(1) of the Indian Arbitration Act provides that, with respect to hearings, “the arbitral tribunal….may impose costs including exemplary costs on the party seeking adjournment without any…