…ad hoc arbitration (usually under the UNCITRAL arbitration rules unless the parties agree on a different set of rules). Some BITs contain the additional option to submit the dispute to…

…ICSID Rules and Regulations, and the transparency rules under CAFTA, among others, these elements contribute to transparency becoming a global norm in international investment law. Transparency and the EU Commission’s…

…provides that “a tribunal established under this section shall decide the issues in dispute in accordance with this agreement and applicable rules of international law.” Under these sources of law,…