…international security. Granting investors access to ISDS thus creates space for states to cooperate more effectively in other fields without investment disputes clouding their relations, a phenomenon that is also…

…to a number of modern considerations, including preliminary objections, awarding of costs, ethical considerations, third-partying funding, and transparency. The amendment of the CCFTA was in line with Chile’s IIA agenda…

costs and other applications. Indeed, the ADGM is widely regarded by parties as a favorable seat, for its incorporation of the UNCITRAL Model Law, with certain enhancements, including with regard…

…several classic investment protections, such as prohibition of unlawful expropriation, protection and security and most favored nation treatment. It also includes an ad hoc investor-state arbitration provision (Article 17), which…

…were made against states from these regions.   Security for costs requests fail in the vast majority of cases Investor-state arbitration is notorious for its costs. The costs often reach…